If/Then

Hosted by Stanford GSB

Business Management Science

Website RSS feed

Episodes

Latest episode

Jun 2026

Language

About the show

How do we lead with purpose, make better decisions, and navigate an uncertain future? On If/Then , Stanford GSB faculty break down cutting-edge research on leadership, strategy, and more, exploring enduring questions and the forces reshaping business and society today, from AI to geopolitics. Hosted by senior editor Kevin Cool. ]]>

Listen to episodes

55 recent

June 10, 202645 min

Our AI Future: From Abundance to Apocalypse

Chad Jones, a professor of economics at Stanford Graduate School of Business, recently published a paper, “AI and Our Economic Future.” Using more than 100 years of economic data, he modelled several potential AI-infused economic futures we may experience. These include the good (abundance, we never work again), the not-so-bad (business more or less as usual), and the ugly (a superintelligence that turns on us, among other catastrophic options). Cheery stuff, Jones acknowledges, but essential to face.“I think the ability for an AI to do everything on a computer that the best software engineer can do, that seems like it’s either here now or will be here within five years easily,” Jones says. “Hacking the electric grid, hacking the financial system, these kinds of scenarios are things that we definitely have to worry about. The good news is, I think if we get through that, the ability of AI to transform the economy for good, it is really there and present. And, that would be a very great and bright future.”Related Content:Chad Jones faculty profileWhat’s the Price Tag for Preventing an AI Apocalypse?At What Point Do We Decide AI’s Risks Outweigh Its Promise? Chapters:00:00:00 Introduction00:01:32 The difference between now & previous periods of innovation00:02:29 Two scenarios for AI-driven growth00:06:18 The case for business-as-usual00:11:06 Weak links and the limits of automation00:17:53 What the models are showing about growth00:19:58 The economics of abundance00:25:29 The weak-link model’s timing & possible adaptations00:27:51 Who gains in an AI economy?00:29:55 Catastrophic risk and the downside of acceleration00:34:31 The downsides of the weak link model00:36:38 Meaning, identity, and human value00:39:55 Leisure in a post-work world00:41:43 What the next generation may inherit00:44:07 ConclusionIf/Then, from Stanford GSB, features conversations with faculty that explore how their research deepens our understanding of business and leadership.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

May 20, 202623 min

The Art of Friction

“Friction for us has to do with obstacles,” says Hayagreeva “Huggy” Rao, a professor of organizational behavior at Stanford Graduate School of Business. “Obstacles can disable you. Obstacles can enable you.”Rao compares friction to cholesterol: Some is good, but some is bad. “Good friction actually slows you down, gets you to pause, and most of all, gets you to reflect,” he explains. “But there’s also friction that overwhelms you, exhausts you, confuses you.”  On this episode of If/Then, Rao explores how to cultivate the productive kind of friction, reduce the unhelpful kind, and manage your team’s most precious resource. “Great leaders are people who think of themselves as trustees of other people's time,” he says. Do you have any favorite examples of good or bad friction? Share one with us at ifthenpod@stanford.edu.Related Content:Huggy Rao faculty profile The Friction ProjectHow to become a friction fixerChapters:00:00:00 Airport baggage claim, waiting, & good friction00:03:20 Introduction00:03:48 What friction means in organizations00:05:42 Where friction comes from00:07:52 Scaling through smart subtraction00:08:24 DropBox’s approach to meetings00:10:45 The problem with meetings00:13:53 What good friction looks like00:16:56 Friction, trust, & institutional legitimacy00:19:31 Why Huggy Rao started studying friction00:22:20 ConclusionSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

May 6, 202626 min

Unconventional Wisdom

“I don’t see things like anybody else,” says Jonathan Berk, a professor of finance at Stanford Graduate School of Business. “And so I can see things people don't see.” On this episode, Berk explores recent research that pushes against conventional wisdom, from questioning the utility of the debt-to-GDP ratio to asking whether regulation is actually in the best interests of the consumer. “If you disagree with me… You have to write down a convincing theoretical model and analyze [it].”Berk admits his unique lens doesn’t always make life easy. But on the other hand, “it confers an enormous advantage” — and he believes that organizations which are able to harness the power of unconventional thinking can gain a competitive edge.“It’s allowed me to solve problems that other people couldn't solve,” he says.  Has seeing the world differently helped you resolve a conundrum? Tell us more at ifthenpod@stanford.edu.Related Content:Jonathan Berk faculty profile What If We’re Looking at the National Debt All Wrong? Chapters:00:00:00 The Fosbury Flop, innovation, & unconventional thinking00:03:18 Introduction00:04:24 Questioning conventional wisdom00:04:57 Rethinking the debt-to-GDP ratio00:08:21 A finance perspective on national debt00:10:36 Why theory matters before alarm00:12:38 Regulation, charlatans, & consumer interests00:16:22 Licensing, certification, & competition00:19:51 The cost of pushing back00:21:16 Building organizations that welcome dissent00:24:59 ConclusionIf/Then, from Stanford GSB, features conversations with faculty that explore how their research deepens our understanding of business and leadership.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

April 22, 202624 min

Why Who You Are Affects How You Think

“When people come to view attitudes and opinions towards, say, political policies or issues as relevant to their identities, they become more extreme in their attitudes,” says Christian Wheeler, the StrataCom Professor of Management and Professor of Marketing at Stanford Graduate School of Business. “I become more positive or negative towards an issue the moment it becomes relevant to who I view myself as being.”Wheeler’s research offers insight into our increasingly polarized politics. However, his work has also yielded ideas for bridging divisions — beginning with how we listen to each other and how we see the people we disagree with.The moment we see someone as an individual rather than a category, we become more likely to find common ground. “Instead of viewing you as a Democrat or a Republican, I can view you as an individual,” Wheeler recommends. “Anything that humanizes you and moves you away from this simple category will help me to view you as an individual and less as just an interchangeable member of a category.” How much do your opinions define who you are? Tell us more at ifthenpod@stanford.edu.Related Content:Christian Wheeler faculty profile In a Polarized World, an Open Mind Can Hurt Your ReputationYou May Not Be Who You Think You AreClass Takeaways — How to Build Connection Through Better ListeningChapters:00:00:02 Tattoos, identity, & personal evolution00:03:26 Introduction00:03:59 Why identity matters00:04:56 Identity relevance & its implications00:08:03 Why openness to the other side gets punished00:10:57 Identities vs. opinions00:13:53 The power of individuation00:15:53 How to break the cycle of polarization 00:19:41 Organizational applications00:23:26 ConclusionIf/Then, from Stanford GSB, features conversations with faculty that explore how their research deepens our understanding of business and leadership.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

April 8, 202626 min

The Paradox of Masculinity

“Masculinity is my new frontier,” says Ashley Martin, an associate professor of organizational behavior at Stanford Graduate School of Business. Martin, whose work examines why gender plays such a central role in how we perceive and make sense of others, has been looking at how traits associated with masculinity are simultaneously organizationally rewarded even as they’re personally harmful to men.  “We spend a lot of time talking about gender inequality through the lens of women’s disadvantage,” she says. “I think that many of the problems that we’re seeing today… are actually bound up in masculinity.” What impact do you think masculinity and femininity have on our work and our world? Tell us more at ifthenpod@stanford.edu.Related Content:Ashley Martin faculty profile Is that Self-Driving Car a Boy or a Girl? Why Taking Gender Out of the Equation Is So DifficultChapters:00:00 How movies shape our ideas about masculinity04:02 Introduction05:15 How Ashley Martin got into studying gender05:58 When gender is removed from hiring07:10 The “pet rock” study10:35 The universal use of gender13:02 Gendering objects15:12 How masculinity affects men18:13 The current implications of Martin’s research20:41 What healthier models of masculinity might look like23:47 Ashley’s next frontier: masculinity, material culture, and social problems25:07 ConclusionIf/Then, from Stanford GSB, features conversations with faculty that explore how their research deepens our understanding of business and leadership.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

March 25, 202625 min

What We Actually Learn From Experience

Steven Callander has spent years building a mathematical framework to answer the question of how people learn from experience. “Here in Silicon Valley, the expression that you learn from failure is very widespread and very intuitive. But the question is… what do you learn? How do you optimally learn from that experience?”In this episode, Callander, the Herbert Hoover Professor of Public and Private Management and Professor of Political Economy at Stanford Graduate School of Business, explains the hidden, deceptively simple logic of correlated learning — and it may change how you think about finding the right job, the right market, or the right strategy. “It fascinates me and I can't stop thinking about it,” he says.  Has theory made an impact on your life? Tell us more at ifthenpod@stanford.edu.Related Content:Steven Callander faculty profileHow to Turn Old Ideas Into Creative Solutions to Modern ProblemsWhat We’re Still Learning from Silicon Valley’s Bank CollapseChapters:00:00 Ann Miura-Ko on learning and the search for patterns in Venture capital02:51 Introduction05:23 What is correlated learning?06:40 Where does this research apply in the real world?09:28 Brownian Motion12:45 Steven Callander’s Framework15:25 Examples of correlated learning when seeking expert advice20:53 Applying correlated learning23:57 Why correlated learning research?24:51 ConclusionIf/Then, from Stanford GSB, features conversations with faculty that explore how their research deepens our understanding of business and leadership.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

March 11, 202625 min

How Dating and Sports Explain the Job Market

Seemingly unrelated activities — like taking a soccer penalty kick or crafting an online dating profile — involve an embedded economics. “Understanding and applying economic logic can be valuable in pretty much any job or any other endeavor in your life,” says Paul Oyer, a professor of economics at Stanford Graduate School of Business.  On this episode, Oyer digs into the shared economic logic of online dating and the labor market, explains why pro athletes and sports fans think like economists, and explores how AI has reduced the beneficial friction that was once a part of job searches. Got a question about the economics of dating, sports, or the job market? Ask us at ifthenpod@stanford.edu.Related Content:Paul Oyer faculty profileUtility Player: Paul Oyer Explains How Economics Can Make Sports More FunChapters:00:00 Strategic decision-making in air traffic control03:06 Introduction03:27 Why sports are a useful lens for understanding economics09:53 Why economics matters far beyond money10:54 Economics & online14:36 Applications of game theory16:54 How AI is reshaping hiring and the labor market22:25 The labor market challenge economists still have not solved24:18 ConclusionIf/Then, from Stanford GSB, features conversations with faculty that explore how their research deepens our understanding of business and leadership.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

March 4, 20261 min

If/Then Returns: Season Three

When should we leap instead of take the obvious next step? Why do we instinctively see gender everywhere? When do our opinions begin to feel less like ideas and more like our identity?If/Then, from Stanford Graduate School of Business, is back with a new season of sharp, surprising conversations that deepen our understanding of business and leadership.Each episode brings you into the room with a Stanford GSB faculty member as they discuss their research and how it challenges conventional wisdom, sharpens judgment, and reframes the way we approach complex decisions. Join us on Wednesdays for a new season of If/Then.What do you want to hear on If/Then? Email us at ifthenpod@stanford.edu.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

December 22, 202528 min

GSB at 100: "The Moment"

This week on If/Then we’re sharing an episode of GSB at 100, a limited audio series created especially for Stanford Graduate School of Business’s Centennial. GSB at 100 presents a scrapbook of memories, ideas, and breakthroughs as Stanford GSB celebrates its first century and looks around the corner to what the next 100 years may hold. On this episode of GSB at 100, you’ll experience Centennial Day, hear Dean Sarah A. Soule honor the past, celebrate the present, and look to what the future may hold. GSB at 100 depicts a school defined not only by its innovation and impact, but by its people: curious students, devoted faculty, and accomplished staff — a community of thinkers, dreamers, and doers.Learn more about the Stanford GSB CentennialSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.