Neural Implant podcast - the people behind Brain-Machine Interface revolutions

Hosted by Ladan Jiracek

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272

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Aug 2026

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About the show

This podcast's purpose is to bring together the field of neuroprosthetics / brain machine interfaces / brain implants in an understandable conversation about the current topics and breakthroughs. We hope to complement scientific papers on new neural research in an easy, digestable way. Innovators and professionals can share thoughts or ideas to facilitate 'idea sex' to make the field of brain implants a smaller and more personal space.

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August 10, 202635 min

Samuel Browd | Venture Studios, BCI, and Digital Neurosurgery

Dr. Samuel Browd is a pediatric neurosurgeon, professor at the University of Washington, and Co-CEO/Chief Medical Officer of NeuFluent , a venture studio focused on neurological technologies. In this episode, we discuss his path from early neuroscience research and pediatric neurosurgery into device development, brain-computer interfaces, and the challenge of moving promising neurotechnology from universities into real clinical use. We also explore the idea of "digital neurosurgery": how neurosurgery still captures enormous amounts of valuable data in analog or siloed ways, why AI and computer vision may reshape surgical workflows, and how brain-computer interfaces could become a major part of neurosurgery over the next decade. Along the way, Dr. Browd reflects on startup formation, the role of venture studios, ethics around neural data, and why students entering the field today may be arriving at a uniquely important moment. Top 5 takeaways 1. Neurotechnology translation is still too slow. Dr. Browd argues that the traditional path from academic discovery to clinical technology is expensive, time-consuming, and often inefficient. Through NeuFluent, he is trying to rethink how universities, clinicians, engineers, strategics, and investors can work together to move neurological technologies toward patients faster. 2. Venture studios may offer a different model for neurotech commercialization. Rather than acting only like an accelerator, NeuFluent brings together engineering, regulatory, legal, marketing, and commercialization expertise around neurological technologies. The goal is to evaluate market need, development path, and exit strategy earlier, before spending years and large amounts of capital building something without a clear home. 3. Neurosurgery still wastes or underuses valuable data. Dr. Browd describes neurosurgery as still largely analog, even though procedures generate rich digital data from imaging, electrophysiology, navigation, microscopes, and intraoperative tools. He argues that much of this information is siloed, uncaptured, or used only for immediate clinical purposes rather than organized for computational analysis and future innovation. 4. AI and BCI could transform neurosurgery, but workflow matters. Sam emphasizes that new tools will only be adopted if they fit naturally into clinical workflows. If a technology adds extra steps for busy surgeons, adoption will be limited; the opportunity is to use existing data streams and workflows to build better systems around the surgeon rather than burdening them. 5. Students are entering neurotechnology at a uniquely exciting moment. For students interested in BCI, neurosurgery, AI, or medical devices, Dr. Browd sees this as a rare moment where powerful computational tools and clinical need are converging. His advice is to "lean in" because the field now has the potential to move faster and directly help patients in ways that were not possible before. Timestamps 0:00 Introduction to Dr. Samuel Browd, pediatric neurosurgery, NeuFluent, and neurotechnology 0:50 Sam's path from Gainesville to neurosurgery, neuroscience, and device development 2:10 Early interest in Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, MRI, and brain science 3:35 Pediatric neurosurgery and the long-term impact of treating children 4:20 Seeing early Utah arrays and becoming interested in BCI 6:10 What NeuFluent is and why neurotech may need a venture studio model 8:50 How NeuFluent differs from a traditional incubator or accelerator 10:40 Academic commercialization, the valley of death, and changing university incentives 12:10 NeuFluent's current status, patents, stealth work, and approach to building from within 15:50 What "digital neurosurgery" means 17:25 Creating the Foundation for Digital Neurosurgery and organizing neurosurgery around AI 20:30 Neurosurgical data that is currently uncaptured, siloed, or underused 23:20 Why workflow integration determines whether new technologies are adopted 25:30 The next 10–20 years of BCI, implantable devices, AI, and neurosurgery 27:40 What needs to change to bring neurotechnology to patients faster 30:50 Advice for students entering BCI, neurosurgery, and neurotechnology 33:00 Why Sam is optimistic about AI and neurotechnology

July 27, 202630 min

Jin Hyung Lee | Visualizing Brain Circuits with EEG and AI

Dr. Jin Hyung Lee is an associate professor at Stanford and founder of LVIS , a company translating years of brain circuit research into clinical software for neurological care. In this episode, we discuss how her team thinks about the brain as a circuit system, why neurological disorders can be difficult to diagnose with today's tools, and how LVIS's NeuroMatch platform aims to use EEG data to visualize brain network function in a more accessible way. We also talk about why EEG remains clinically useful despite its limitations, how software can help clean and interpret noisy brain signals, and why Dr. Lee believes brain health should become something we monitor and maintain rather than only address after major disability occurs. The conversation touches on epilepsy, memory problems, traumatic brain injury, anxiety, depression, sleep, clinical access bottlenecks, and the broader future of brain health clinics. Top 5 takeaways 1. Brain disorders may be better understood as circuit problems. Dr. Lee frames neurological disease around how signals flow through the brain, rather than only around symptoms or broad diagnostic categories. Her goal is to visualize brain network function so clinicians can better understand where communication may be disrupted. 2. EEG is imperfect, but accessible. EEG is noisy and spatially limited, but it is far easier to deploy than MRI or invasive recordings. LVIS chose EEG because a 19-channel clinical EEG system could potentially make brain network analysis more accessible to patients and clinicians. 3. Software may help extract more useful information from traditional brain recordings. Dr. Lee explains that the NeuroMatch approach combines signal processing, machine learning for data cleaning, and years of circuit neuroscience insight to extract meaningful patterns from EEG. The claim is not simply "AI finds everything," but that software can help make noisy clinical data more interpretable. 4. Access to neurological testing is a major bottleneck. Although EEG may seem simple from an engineering perspective, clinical EEG requires trained technicians, physicians, interpretation time, and infrastructure. Dr. Lee argues that automation and cloud-based software could reduce delays and make neurological evaluation more available. 5. Dr. Lee's long-term vision is preventive brain health. Rather than waiting until someone is severely impaired, she imagines a future where people monitor brain function the way they monitor blood pressure, glucose, weight, or car maintenance. That is the central philosophical shift of the episode: brain health as something measurable, trackable, and potentially maintainable. 0:00 Introduction to Dr. Jin Hyung Lee, Stanford, LVIS, and NeuroMatch 0:50 Translating 15 years of Stanford brain circuit research into clinical tools 1:30 Why brain disorders require understanding how signals flow through the brain 2:35 NeuroMatch, EEG, and visualizing individual brain network status 3:30 Epilepsy, memory problems, TBI, anxiety, depression, sleep, and other applications 5:00 What a brain network scan might reveal about symptoms 7:30 Measuring brain performance like glucose, weight, or other health metrics 8:10 Why use EEG despite its noisy and low-resolution nature? 9:20 Standard 19-channel clinical EEG and extracting more information from limited data 12:25 Why this was not possible before: hardware, signal processing, and circuit knowledge 15:00 Novera Brain Health Institute and a new model for brain health clinics 18:40 Why clinical EEG is less accessible than it seems 21:30 Software as a medical device and keeping physicians in the loop 23:30 Dr. Lee's origin story: electrical engineering, her grandmother's stroke, and brain circuits 27:00 The five-year vision: maintaining brain health before disability occurs 29:00 Early clinical use and the hope for changing the future of brain disorders

July 13, 202638 min

JB (NextSense) | Ear EEG Earbuds That Measure and Improve Sleep

In this episode of the Neural Implant Podcast, JB , founder and CEO of NextSense , discusses how his team is transforming ordinary-looking earbuds into wearable brain interfaces capable of recording EEG directly from the ear. Originally incubated inside Google X before spinning out as an independent company, NextSense combines consumer electronics with neuroscience to monitor sleep, enhance slow-wave activity through closed-loop audio stimulation, and explore future applications ranging from epilepsy forecasting to Alzheimer's disease monitoring. We also discuss the engineering challenges of ear EEG, wearable neuromodulation, vagus nerve stimulation, and what it takes to bring a neurotechnology product from the lab into consumers' hands. Top 5 Takeaways 1. Ear EEG makes continuous brain monitoring practical Rather than using traditional scalp electrodes, NextSense records EEG directly from the ear canal. While ear EEG doesn't provide the spatial resolution of clinical EEG systems, it offers a comfortable, easy-to-use solution for long-term brain monitoring that users can wear every night like standard wireless earbuds. 2. Closed-loop audio stimulation can enhance deep sleep The earbuds detect when users enter deep sleep and deliver precisely timed bursts of pink noise synchronized to slow-wave oscillations. Clinical studies showed roughly a 10–15% improvement in next-day declarative memory , with some users experiencing over 20% increases in slow-wave activity , demonstrating the potential of closed-loop neuromodulation during sleep. 3. NextSense evolved from a Google X moonshot The technology began inside Google X as a project exploring sleep enhancement before spinning out during Google's restructuring efforts in 2020. Building the company required licensing additional IP from UC San Diego before Google agreed to transfer its own intellectual property, creating one of Google's early external spin-outs. 4. Earbuds could become medical devices—not just consumer electronics Beyond sleep tracking, NextSense is developing applications for epilepsy seizure forecasting, Alzheimer's disease monitoring, and future FDA-cleared neurological diagnostics. The long-term vision is to make medical-grade brain monitoring available through everyday consumer earbuds. 5. The future combines brain sensing with vagus nerve stimulation Following the acquisition of Nēsos' transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) technology, NextSense plans to integrate electrical vagus nerve stimulation, EEG, heart rate variability, temperature sensing, and AI-powered analytics into a single wearable platform designed to both monitor and improve brain health. Timestamps 0:18 Introduce yourself and NextSense 2:00 How did NextSense spin out of Google X? 6:10 Why leave Google and start an independent company? 8:05 How does EEG from the ear actually work? 11:05 Why focus on improving sleep? 13:55 How does the closed-loop sleep stimulation work? 16:25 Do you understand the mechanism behind the sleep improvements? 21:20 Tell us about the hardware. 25:00 How good is the EEG signal from earbuds? 29:45 What other neurological applications are you pursuing? 33:15 Where do you see this technology going next? 37:30 How is NextSense different from other wearable neurotechnology companies? 43:15 Where can listeners learn more?

May 18, 202630 min

Ali Samiian - The Hidden Barrier That Kills Neurotech Startups

In this episode of the Neural Implant Podcast, host Dr. Ladan Jiracek speaks with Ali Samiian , founder of Poplar Access Advisors , about one of the most overlooked challenges in neurotechnology and medical devices: reimbursement. Ali has spent over 20 years working across pharma, medical devices, and neuromodulation, including leadership roles at Abbott, Novartis, and Cala Health, where he helped secure reimbursement for a first-in-class wearable neuromodulation therapy for essential tremor. In this conversation, Ali explains why FDA approval alone is often not enough for a company to succeed, and why coding, coverage, and payment strategy must be considered from the earliest stages of device development. The discussion covers reimbursement strategy for neurotech startups, how clinical trial design impacts commercialization, lessons learned from Cala Health, home-use neuromodulation, CMS and Medicare pathways, and why many promising neurotechnology companies fail despite having strong science and working products. Key Takeaways 1. FDA approval does not guarantee commercial success. Many neurotech startups mistakenly believe FDA clearance is the finish line, when reimbursement is often the real challenge. A device can be safe and effective yet still fail commercially if insurers refuse to pay for it. 2. Reimbursement strategy should shape product design early. According to Ali, critical reimbursement decisions are often locked in years before launch through choices around device form factor, clinical trial design, and regulatory pathway selection. Waiting until after FDA submission can force companies into expensive redesigns and delays. Ali recommends founders begin thinking about reimbursement during product design, regulatory pathway selection, clinical trial planning, and fundraising, before key commercialization decisions become difficult to change. 3. Neurotech companies must think beyond efficacy alone. Payers want more than proof that a therapy works. They care about long-term outcomes, comparators, durability, site-of-care economics, and whether the product delivers clear value for money. 4. Cala Health helped prove wearable neuromodulation can be reimbursable. Ali describes how Cala Health overcame major reimbursement hurdles by differentiating its tremor therapy from simple TENS devices, ultimately securing substantially higher reimbursement and validating a commercial path for wearable neuromodulation. 5. Neurotechnology may be entering a commercialization inflection point. With advances in closed-loop systems, home-use therapies, and successful acquisitions in the space, Ali believes neurotechnology and electroceuticals are approaching a "golden age" where investors and payers increasingly recognize their value. Episode Timestamps 0:15 - Can you introduce yourself and explain what Poplar Access Advisors does? 2:30 - What exactly is "reimbursement" in healthcare? 4:40 - How do coding, coverage, and payment work together? 6:05 - What are the biggest commercialization mistakes medtech startups make? 10:20 - When should founders start thinking about reimbursement? 13:55 - How did Cala Health secure reimbursement for wearable neuromodulation? 20:10 - Is reimbursement becoming more unified or more fragmented? 22:20 - How do companies actually communicate with payers and CMS? 23:50 - What is different about reimbursement for neurotechnology and neuromodulation? 26:20 - What mistakes do neurotech founders repeatedly make? 27:35 - Are we entering a golden age for neurotechnology and electroceuticals?

April 27, 202628 min

Ellyn Ito - MindVibe and Non-Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Stress and Focus

In this episode of the Neural Implant Podcast, host Dr. Ladan Jiracek speaks with Ellyn Ito , CEO and co-founder of Innerstill Health , about their wearable neurotechnology platform and flagship product, MindVibe. This non-invasive device combines vagus nerve stimulation and acupressure-based neuromodulation to help regulate the body's stress response and improve overall wellness. Ellyn shares how MindVibe is designed to promote calm, enhance focus, and improve sleep quality through ultra-low electrical stimulation that users don't even feel. The conversation explores the science behind multi-mode stimulation, why avoiding sensation may actually improve outcomes, and how Innerstill is navigating the path from wellness device to potential clinical applications. Key Takeaways MindVibe focuses on regulating the nervous system—not treating specific diseases. As a wellness device, MindVibe targets stress, anxiety, and sleep by activating the body's "rest and digest" response rather than claiming to cure medical conditions. Multi-mode stimulation may be the key differentiator in neuromodulation devices. By combining vagus nerve stimulation with ear-based acupressure points across multiple frequencies, MindVibe aims to avoid saturation and improve effectiveness across different users. "Do no harm" design avoids the sensory discomfort common in other devices. Unlike many stimulators that produce tingling or muscle twitching, MindVibe operates below sensory thresholds—reducing cortisol responses and improving user adherence. Early results suggest improvements in calm, sleep, and focus. Users report reduced anxiety, better deep sleep, and increased focus—likely tied to vagus nerve activation and improved neurohormonal regulation. The company is using a "wellness-first" strategy to accelerate adoption Innerstill is launching through clinics and consumer wellness channels before pursuing FDA pathways for broader clinical indications like addiction, ADHD, and neurological disorders. Episode Timestamps 0:17 – Introduction to MindVibe and Innerstill Health 1:00 – What does "feeling better" actually mean? (calm, sleep, focus) 3:30 – Is this like alcohol or cannabis—or something different? 6:00 – What does the device look like and how is it worn? 8:00 – How long do you need to use it and what's the protocol? 9:30 – Why avoid sensation in neuromodulation devices? 11:00 – Clinic rollout and early user feedback 12:15 – Why launch as a wellness device instead of FDA first? 14:15 – Future plans: non-invasive deep brain stimulation 18:15 – Origin story: from pediatric pain treatment to neurotech platform 21:30 – Why other vagus nerve stimulators didn't work as well 24:00 – Scaling the company and future applications

April 13, 202640 min

Dr. Christian Iorio-Morin - From Gamma Knife to Neuroprosthetics: The Future of Functional Neurosurgery

In this episode of the Neural Implant Podcast, host Dr. Ladan Jiracek speaks with Dr. Christian Iorio-Morin , functional neurosurgeon and professor at the Université de Sherbrooke , about the evolving landscape of neurosurgery—from treating movement disorders and chronic pain to pushing the boundaries of paralysis recovery. Christian shares insights from his clinical work using gamma knife surgery, neuromodulation, and microvascular techniques, as well as his leadership on the RE-MOVE project, a large-scale initiative aiming to restore movement by reconnecting the brain and spinal cord through implantable technology. The conversation explores how modern neurosurgery is shifting from treating symptoms to rebuilding lost function, why many "paralyzed" systems still retain underlying capability, and how combining neuroscience, engineering, and patient-centered design could unlock a new generation of therapies for stroke, spinal cord injury, and beyond. Top 3 Takeaways: Most "brain stimulation" treatments actually work by shutting circuits down, not activating them. Despite the name, therapies like deep brain stimulation, gamma knife, and ablation all achieve similar results by disrupting pathological neural circuits—essentially "jamming" the signal rather than enhancing it. Innovation in neurotech is bottlenecked by lack of access to device software and hardware. Researchers often can't test new ideas because commercial devices are locked down—forcing unnecessary duplication of effort and slowing progress across the field. "Neuro hype" is a real problem—and unrealistic expectations can harm patients. Many patients overestimate what neurotechnology can do today. Setting honest expectations is critical, as current treatments improve function but rarely fully restore it. 0:55 – Do you want to introduce yourself better than I just did? 2:40 – What is Gamma Knife and how does it work? 5:20 – How does Gamma Knife compare to deep brain stimulation? 10:45 – Why do patients choose lesions over implants? 15:05 – When is neuromodulation preferred over lesion-based treatments? 20:30 – What are neural engineers getting wrong today? 21:00 – Why is it so hard to test new ideas in neuromodulation? 28:50 – Should neurostimulators be more open and accessible? 33:20 – How competition is driving innovation in neurotech 35:00 – The problem of "neuro hype" and unrealistic expectations

April 13, 202624 min

Omari Bouknight - Resonant Link Medical and the Next Generation of Wirelessly Powered Neurotech

In this episode of the Neural Implant Podcast, host Dr. Ladan Jiracek sits down with Omari Bouknight , CEO of Resonant Link Medical , to explore how advances in wireless power transfer are reshaping the future of implantable medical devices. Omari shares how traditional power limitations have historically constrained device design—and how Resonant Link Medical's technology is turning power into an enabler, allowing for smaller, smarter, and longer-lasting implants. The conversation dives into real-world applications across neurotech and beyond, including how faster, more efficient wireless charging could unlock advanced closed-loop therapies, high-data-rate neural systems, and more fully implantable devices Top 3 Takeaways: Resonant Link Medical's key breakthrough is highly efficient and flexible wireless power: their multi-layer self-resonant structure (MSRS) coil technology enables high-efficiency wireless energy transfer with minimal heat generation, and innovations in power electronics and data transfer support highly adaptive systems with high tolerance to misalignment. This solves two major historical barriers to implantable wireless charging, allowing patients to quickly and easily recharge devices during normal daily activity. Wireless power works deeper in the body and tolerates real-world movement: Resonant Link Medical's system can deliver power at depths up to ~6 cm (and potentially more) while allowing several centimeters of lateral misalignment and angular tilt. This enables reliable charging even with normal body motion and imperfect alignment at up to 15 W of power. Wireless power is becoming a foundational enabler across implantable devices, ranging from brain-computer-interfaces (BCIs) and spinal cord stimulators to peripheral nerve, sleep apnea, and even cardiac and orthopedic implants. Resonant Link Medical's platform technology is helping unlock closed-loop therapies, new targets, and smarter devices—and the field of active implantables is still only at the very beginning of its potential. 0:45 Do you want to introduce yourself better than I just did? 1:30 Tell us a bit more about the technology 5:00 What does the form factor look like? 7:15 What are the misalignment tolerances? 9:15 Are you guys device agnostic and just want to power people's neurotech devices? 10:15 What are the dimensions? 12:45 What are some of the areas you guys have worked in? 18:00 What's the history of the company? 21:30 What's in store in the future for these devices?

February 9, 202629 min

Francesco Petrini - SensArs and the Future of Sensory Neuroprosthetics for Diabetic Neuropathy

In this episode of the Neural Implant Podcast, host Dr. Ladan Jiracek sits down with Francesco Petrini, co-founder and CEO of SensArs, to discuss how intraneural stimulation could help restore sensation in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Francesco explains how loss of feeling in the feet can lead to unnoticed injuries, chronic wounds, and even amputations - and why rebuilding sensory feedback could dramatically improve quality of life. The conversation explores SensArs' approach to neuromodulation and what it takes to translate sensory neuroprosthetics into real-world clinical impact. Top 3 Takeaways: In diabetic neuropathy, the biggest danger is invisible damage: when patients lose sensation in their feet, they may not notice external threats like hot sand or a pebble in their shoe, and they also lose the natural sensory feedback that helps regulate balanced walking - leading to abnormal pressure, skin breakdown, ulcers, and ultimately a higher risk of amputation. Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most expensive health burdens in the US: its complications cost the healthcare system roughly $80 billion per year, making it comparable to cancer and among the top drivers of medical spending - yet sensory restoration still isn't available, highlighting the urgent need for better solutions. Restored sensation can translate into real functional gains: in prior studies with amputees, SensArs showed that patients not only felt sensory feedback, but actually used it - walking ~30% faster (including on uneven ground and stairs), reducing falls by ~80%, and even eliminating nerve-related pain. With those results in hand, most of the upgraded system is clinic-ready, with the stimulator being the main remaining component needing additional testing. 1:00 Do you want to introduce yourself better than I just did? 5:00 So the ulcer occurs as a result of walking incorrectly? 6:45 What caused you to go after this indication? 10:30 Sponsorship by blackswan-ip 11:00 Can you describe you technology and what is involved in this implantation and product? 14:00 Are the shoes more attractive than current shoes? And could this be done via just an app? 16:45 What's the advantage of having the implant as well as the electronic insole? 18:30 And the notification needs to be timely, damage can happen within a few minutes? 20:00 What stage are you and your company at? 22:15 How did you go from being a successful researcher to going into entrepreneurship? 23:45 What was the timeline of your progress? 26:15 Is this intraneural stimulation something that would be useful for other indications as well? 27:45 Does diabetic neuropathy mean that the nerve you implant into eventually will die as well? 28:45 Is there anything that we didn't talk about that you wanted to mention?

February 2, 202642 min

Ignacio Sáez - Neurotechnology for Cognition: Recording and Modulating the Human Brain

In this episode of the Neural Implant Podcast, host Dr. Ladan Jiracek sits down with Dr. Ignacio Sáez , neuroscientist at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , whose lab uses intracranial brain recordings to study the biology of human cognition. Ignacio shares how cutting-edge neurotechnology like iEEG can reveal the neural dynamics behind decision-making, risk, memory, and brain states - and how those insights could unlock more targeted neuromodulation therapies for psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety. Top 3 Takeaways: Epilepsy patients undergoing seizure monitoring often have 100-200 electrodes implanted in their brains and may spend days in the hospital waiting for a seizure. Ignacio's lab uses this rare window to record high-quality human neural activity while patients complete cognitive tasks and computer-based games - giving researchers an unparalleled way to study human brain function in real time. Working with Precision Neuroscience has been transformative because their Layer 7 device offers a completely different view of brain activity than traditional epilepsy electrodes. Instead of ~200 electrodes spread across multiple brain regions, Precision's flexible micro-ECoG array packs 1024 non-penetrating electrodes into about 1 cm², enabling ultra-high-density recordings from a single, discrete cortical area without damaging tissue - helping researchers zoom in on local circuits and uncover new insights into brain function and treatment pathways. One major advantage of doing cognitive neuroscience in humans is that researchers can directly ask subjects what they were thinking, feeling, or paying attention to during a task - giving "ground truth" insight that animal studies can only infer indirectly from behavior. 1:00 Do you want to introduce yourself better than I just did? 9:30 How did you make that transition from animal work to human work? 15:15 Sponsorship by blackswan-ip 16:15 Do you see a difference between devices with many electrodes vs those with fewer? 18:45 What's it like working with Precision Neuroscience and how do their higher channel counts help? 24:00 What is your workflow and what is the source of your funding? Usually from companies? 26:45 How many trials can you do at once? 29:15 What are some challenges in this work? 31:15 How many other people are doing this kind of research? 34:15 What changes to new designs or devices do you foresee as a result of this work? 41:45 Is there anything that we didn't talk about that you wanted to mention?

January 26, 20268 min

Dr. Ladan Jiracek - My PhD Defense, LCP Neural Implants, and What's Next

In this solo episode of the Neural Implant Podcast, host Dr. Ladan Jiracek shares the story behind finally completing his PhD at the University of Florida - from the highs of passing his dissertation defense to the long, frustrating, and deeply technical journey of developing liquid crystal polymer (LCP)-based neural implants. I break down why LCP is so promising for long-term implantable devices, how delamination and bonding challenges became the core focus of his dissertation, and what it took to fabricate ultra-thin polymer electrodes approaching "biological invisibility." I also reflects on the unpredictable nature of the PhD timeline, how the podcast helped shape his network, and what's next as he continues in the lab as a postdoc while building IntimaStim, my startup focused on restoring sexual function after spinal cord injury.